High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Activates an Autophagic Response to Oxidative Stress

High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1): an alarmin mediating the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease

High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that has a dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds DNA, regulating transcription and determining chromosomal architecture. Outside the cell, HMGB1 can serve as an alarmin to activate the innate system and mediate a wide range of physiological and pathological responses. To function as an alarmin, HMGB1 translocates f...

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and anti-HMGB1 antibodies and their relation to disease characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus

INTRODUCTION High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear non-histone protein. HMGB1, which is secreted by inflammatory cells and passively released from apoptotic and necrotic cells, may act as a pro-inflammatory mediator. As apoptotic cells accumulate in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), HMGB1 levels might be increased in SLE. HMGB1 may also serve as an autoantigen, leading to the product...

High Mobility Group Box-1 protein (HMGB1) interacts with multiple Toll like receptors

High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), originally described as a DNA-binding protein, can also be released extracellularly and functions as a late mediator of inflammatory responses. Although recent reports indicated that the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), as well as Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), were involved in cellular activation by HMGB1, there has been little evidenc...

A Janus tale of two active high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) redox states.

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, is released at sites of inflammation and/or tissue damage. There, it promotes cytokine production and chemokine production/cell migration. New work shows that the redox status of HMGB1 distinguishes its cytokine-inducing and chemokine activity. Reduced all-thiol-HMGB1 has sole chemokine activity, whe...

The function of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the immune system